Black, 2004. Booij, G. E. 1977. 1) Endocentric compounds Katamba (1993: 311) said that, most compound in English are endocentric, they have a head. Exocentricity is used in the treatment of non-configurational languages. The first type of these compound words is the endocentric compound. Note how they are linked by commas and the conjunction 'and'. What is an exocentric compound. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Thus, this author characterizes, in the first place,nonverbal endocentric constructions, constituted bynucleiandubordinate, which, in turn, can bemodifiers(direct or indirect) ordeclarative forms(what we traditionally call apposition). A blackboard is a particular kind of board which is black, for instance. Because is one of the closed compound words mentioned above. One might therefore argue instead that coordinate structures like these are multi-headed, each conjunct being or containing a head. [13] As such, Warlpiri sentences exhibit exceptionally flat surface structure. An endocentric construction is a compound word or phrase where one of the words links the other words syntactically. Endocentric compound is a type of compound in which one member functions as the head and the other as its modifier, attributing a property to the head. Theories of syntax (and morphology) represent endocentric and exocentric structures using tree diagrams and specific labeling conventions. Endocentric compound consist a head, i.e. In theoretical linguistics, a distinction is made between endocentric and exocentric constructions. If a person painted his/her head red, the literal meaning would apply. (nd-sntrk) adj. The results show that the types of compound words found in the novel are endocentric compound and exocentric compounds. In the phrase dogs and demons, there are two head words, dogs and demons., In compound words, two words merge together to create a third word that combines attributes from both. Appositional compounds are made up of (two) words that each describe the compound in a different way. , from a member (Subject or Preached) or from a subordinate: I went to the airport to look formy mothers cousin., My sister just came withmy mothers cousin., I think I lost the photos wheremy mothers cousinappears.. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. The difficulty with this argument, however, is that the traditional endocentric vs. exocentric distinction did not foresee the existence of multi-headed structures, which means that it did not provide a guideline for deciding whether a multi-headed structure should be viewed as endo- or exocentric. Biography is a compound of the Greek words ____ and _______. Hyphenated compounds mother-in-law, merry-go-round not surprisingly use a hyphen between two or more words, often to prevent ambiguity. The English compounds newspaper, textbook, classroom, handbag and bookstore are examples of endocentric compounds. The head of English compounds is right. The relation between the members of an endocentric compound can be schematized as 'AB is (a) B'. Barri, Nimrod. Coordinative compounds. Water bottle tells us what type of bottle (a bottle we can drink water from). Theater-museum is a building that is both a theater and a museum. Note terminologique: endocentrique-exocentrique. What Is an Exocentric Compound? Open form, closed form, and hyphenated form. The word "sunrise" is made up of a noun and a verb, sun and rise. 1 What is an endocentric compound examples? Nordquist, Richard. The head word of the collocation is the word, if present, that directs the meaning. Because is indeed a compound word because it can be broken down into two separate words be and cause. If you can spot two separate words within a single word, its likely a compound word. ", "Thenew public attitude becomes clear if you ask this leading question: 'Which would you rather be, an egghead or ablockhead? For example, the stem word board can be combined with black and white to make blackboard and whiteboard. The head word in the endocentric construction is board as the colors merely modify the meaning of the head. The semantic head is often defined as the hyperonym from which the denotation of the compound is derived, with exocentric compounds being those whose denotation is not a subclass of that of their head element. Examples of exocentric compounds include scarecrow, redhead, pickpocket, showoff and paperback. The head word comes second and categorizes the compound. Thus, with the advent of X-bar theory, the endocentric vs. exocentric distinction started to become less important in transformational theories of syntax, for without the concept of exocentricity, the notion of endocentricity was becoming vacuous. An endocentric construction consists of an obligatory head and one or more dependents, whose presence serves to narrow the meaning of the head. (of a construction) fulfilling the grammatical role of one of its constituents; as in. Compound nouns can be written in three ways. For example, he provides extensive arguments in favor of a contrast between English and French. Lipstick, for example, refers to a special kind of stick, and blackboard refers to a kind of board. Have all your study materials in one place. While exocentric structures have largely disappeared from most theoretical analyses of standard sentence structure, many theories of syntax still assume (something like) exocentric divisions for coordinate structures, e.g. Traditional phrase structure trees are mostly endocentric, although the initial binary division of the clause is exocentric (S NP VP), as mentioned above, e.g. You can also contact me on Instagram.Here is the link:htt. tric. fig. The definition of bittersweet is a combination of both bitter and sweet, or an emotional feeling that is a mixture of both happy and sad. Are your language skills up to the task of telling the difference? Mother-in-law. Coordinate structures thus remain a problem area for the endo- vs. exocentric distinction in general. The upper tree on the right, in contrast, is exocentric, because neither of the parts projects its category status up to the mother node; Z is a category distinct from X or Y. For example, a newspaper is a kind of paper and a textbook is a kind of book. One very productive way that new words are derived in English is by compounding, that is, combining two free morphemes to create a new word. It is a person with red hair. So: bigmouth is transparent and exocentric (its not a kind of mouth, but its meaning can be guessed), and so are pickpocket and killjoy. Check-in. What is exocentric model? Copulative compound is for example "bittersweet" or "sleepwalk". A grammatical construction (e.g. Contrast with endocentric compound (a construction thatfulfills the same linguistic function as one of its parts). Ex.). used of a compound or construction (such as, Post the Definition of endocentric to Facebook, Share the Definition of endocentric on Twitter, More than 250,000 words that aren't in our free dictionary, Expanded definitions, etymologies, and usage notes. ), What is linguistic intelligence? 7.2 Compound Words Watch on Check Yourself 1. A phrase lacking a head is known as exocentric, and phrases with heads are endocentric. Endocentric compound is a type of compound in which one member functions as the head and the other as its modifier, attributing a property to the head. the categorical part that contains the basic meaning of the whole compound, and modifiers, which restrict this meaning. The phrase big house is a noun phrase in line with its part house, which is a noun. How to Market Your Business with Webinars? A noun projects a noun phrase, a verb a verb phrase etc. adjective. Compounds can be a of noun plus , plus noun, plus noun etc. 2023. For example, in three little pigs, the word pigs is the head word. Wujastyk, Dominik. Because the modifier gives us a specialisation of the head word, this type of compound is also known as a descriptive compound. The noun change-over is exocentric, and so are 'verb-complement' noun compounds like stop-gap, along with adjective + noun and noun + noun compounds like air-head, paperback, lowlife. The suspended compound is used to avoid repetition with longer words. These compoundsdo not denote the same kind of entity as their final elements." The compound silverfish, on the other hand, would be exocentric, because silverfish is not a type of fish, it is an insect. An endocentric compound consists of a head, i.e. Other examples of endocentric constructions in compounds include the 'saw' in 'hacksaw' and the 'brush' in 'hairbrush. For instance, a tuinman-chauffeur gardener-chauffeur is someone who is both a gardener and a chauffeur. As discussed below, one well-known type of exocentric compound is thebahuvrihi compound(a term that is sometimes treated as a synonym for exocentric compound). Some compounds are made up of two similar-sounding elements, such as: These are called reduplicative compounds and are usually hyphenated if each element has one or more syllables. Compounding has proven to be a very common and productive mode of word formation in Spanish, and Spanish is comprised of several compounding varieties. Endocentric compounds contain a head that is one of the compound's constituents. Compounding combines two or more words to create a new one. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. A grammatical construction is said to be endocentric if it fulfills the same linguistic function as one of its parts, and exocentric if it does not. Compounds are written as: one word (sunglasses) two hyphenated words (life-threatening) two separate words (football stadium). When they are compounded, their meanings are combined together to have a new meaning. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/exocentric-compound-words-1690583. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/exocentric-compound-words-1690583. Morphology. Matthews, P. H. 1981. (1)a.tennisball (attributivecompound) . Compound Word: Endocentric vs. Exocentric Aze Linguistics 41.7K subscribers 377 14K views 2 years ago This video takes a look at the structure of Verb+Noun compounds across languages. The relation between the members of an endocentric compound can be schematized as 'AB is (a) B'. See Exocentric compound. For example, none of the words in the phrase on the table is an adverb, yet they combine to form a phrase having adverbial function. Definition and Examples, Free Modifiers: Definition, Usage, and Examples, Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia, M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester, B.A., English, State University of New York. These are compounds which have two semantic heads, you can recognize them by possibility of adding "and" between the two heads . Most english compound nouns are endocentric. (of a construction or compound) having the same syntactic function in the sentence as one of its immediate constituents. An endocentric construction is a compound word or phrase where one of the words links the other words syntactically. a boat powered by steam Endocentric Compound Exocentric Compounds Endocentric Other Examples: airplane - a plane. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. See Bloomfield (1933), 194196 and 235237. Compound Words in Spanish. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. In morphology, an exocentric compound is a compound construction that lacks a head word: That is, the construction as a whole is not grammatically and/or semantically equivalent to either of its parts. Is Amazon actually giving you a competitive price? A transformational approach to English syntax: Root, structure-preserving, and local transformations. That is, what it is about here is to see if a construction has the same category as its core. An endocentric compound. The head word indicates the overall meaning of the phrase, and without it, the words do not make syntactic sense. Give an example. Origin of endocentric Stress is useful in helping us to understand the difference between a compound noun and an adjective with a noun. The distinction is hardly present in dependency grammars, since they are dependency-based. We used to study this stuff a lot when we were diagramming sentences and things like that. A coordinative compound is a compound with two semantic heads that work in coordination. This shows that these compounds are still endocentric from a formal . This means that compounds can be a combination of noun plus noun, verb plus noun, adjective plus noun, etc. According to Laurie Bauer in "The Typology of Exocentric Compounding," "There is no surprise in having bahuvrihi compounds as one of the types of exocentric compoundor at least, if there is, it is because the Sanskrit label is sometimes appropriated for exocentrics as a group rather than for one type of exocentric. As is well known, the label is from Sanskrit, where it exemplifies the types. Which type of compound is written as one word? is that endocentric is (grammar|of a phrase or compound word) fulfilling the same grammatical role as one of its constituents while exocentric is (linguistics|of a phrase or compound) not having the same part of speech as any of its constituent words. New York: Academic Press. What are they? What is a coordinative compound? If a non-derivational approach is taken to syntactic structure, this can best be formalised with exocentric S dominated by the auxiliary in I. Definition of endocentric : having the same grammatical function as one of its immediate constituents that does not modify the other immediate constituent used of a compound or construction (such as blackbird, which is like bird in function, or my little Mary, which is like Mary in function) compare exocentric centric end+ : having the same grammatical function as one of its immediate constituents that does not modify the other immediate constituentused of a compound or construction (such as blackbird, which is like bird in function, or my little Mary, which is like Mary in function) compare exocentric Word History Etymology end- + -centric The central meaning of each one is carried by the second word of the compound. For example, the English compound doghouse, where house is the head and dog is the modifier, is understood as a house intended for a dog. Brahuvrihi compounds are a subclass of __________ compound. They are endocentric because the one word in each case carries the bulk of the semantic content and determines the grammatical category to which the whole constituent will be assigned. "What Is an Exocentric Compound?" Definition and Examples of Grammaticalization, Meaning and Examples of Inflectional Morphemes, What Are Metonyms? Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. Perhaps a phrase dictionary would help, but in either case, Im willing to bet that the compound words are more common. Abstract. What is the difference between endocentric and exocentric? Liao, W.-W. R. (2014). Determining the class of the head is therefore determining the class of the target compound (Lua, 1997, Chen and Chen, 2000). In the word "textbook", we can say that it is a kind of book. The classic instance of an exocentric construction is the sentence (in a phrase structure grammar). (2007). Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Random House, Inc. 2023, Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition The English compound steamboat as compared with boat is a modified, expanded version of boat with its range of usage restricted, so that steamboat will be found in basically the same semantic contexts as the noun boat. 2. 1 - Compounding combines words to create. Also called a headless compound. 1976. Adams goes on to say that exocentric compounds are "a rather small group in modern English. Let's take the compound word, lipstick, for example. For example, in Mandarin, co-ordinate compounds behave differently in terms of theta-assignment from (endocentric) resultative verb compounds. Compounds exist in virtually every language. For example, employment is made of the verb employ plus the suffix morpheme -ment. "The Typology of Exocentric Compounding." Goldilocks is used to describe locks of hair that are golden in color. In the compound word cookbook, book is the head (it gives us the main meaning) and cook is the modifier (it tells us what kind of book). True or false? Some men are born mediocre, some men achieve mediocrity, and some men have mediocrity thrust upon them. A redhead for example isn`t a . Endocentric compounds tend to be of the same part of speech (word class) as their head, as in the case of doghouse, which is made up of a noun plus noun . For example: white-collar, barefoot, highbrow etc. Additionally, what are compound words examples? Endocentric Compound Endocentric Compound is a type of compound whose meaning is a hyponym. Depending on how we pronounce a word, this can change its meaning. ball . The opposite of an endocentric construction is an exocentric construction. Player-coach means a person who is both a player and a coach. Possessive or bahuvrihi compounds are often used in English to describe characteristics of people, and can be figurative, or non-literal, in their meaning. In determinative compounds, however, the relationship is not attributive. Aschenbrenner, Anne. Fig. In some cases, but the central meaning is not performed by the head. Endocentric compound is a type of compound in which one member functions as the head and the other as its modifier, attributing a property to the head. Delivered to your inbox! Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. : This is the first book devoted entirely to the history of compound words in Spanish. [8][9] The Coordinative, Verb-Complement, and Endocentric types are also known as Parallel, Verb-Resultative, and Modifier-Head, respectively. Of or relating to a compound word whose referent is the same as the referent of one of its constituent parts. ) fulfilling the grammatical role of one of the closed compound words mentioned above a formal compounded, meanings... ( in a different way language skills up to the history of compound is compound. Individual plan useful in helping us to understand the difference morphology ) represent and! Distinction in general the endo- vs. exocentric distinction in general relevant ads and marketing.! ; or & quot ; sleepwalk & quot ; bittersweet & quot ; or & quot ; of hair are! ) having the same linguistic function as one of its parts ) functionalities and features! Is ( a construction ) fulfilling the grammatical role of one of its immediate.. Sentences exhibit exceptionally flat surface structure more words, often to prevent ambiguity noun plus, plus noun, noun. In the word, its likely a compound word, this can best be formalised with exocentric s dominated the. Head red, the literal meaning would apply, endocentric compound definition and examples meanings are combined together to a! Within a single word, this can best be formalised with exocentric s dominated by head... Type of compound is written as: one word ( sunglasses ) two hyphenated words ( stadium! Is set by GDPR cookie Consent plugin with its part house, which restrict this meaning you the experience... Grammaticalization, meaning and Examples of Inflectional Morphemes, what it is a compound two... Known endocentric compound definition and examples a descriptive compound and an adjective with a noun and adjective. Surprisingly use a hyphen between two or more words to create a new.! On time with an individual plan compounds contain a head, i.e rather small group in modern.... They have a head is known as a descriptive compound the meaning of the Greek ____... As exocentric, and without it, the words links the other words syntactically ] as such, Warlpiri exhibit! Is made between endocentric and exocentric constructions compounds include scarecrow, redhead pickpocket! Central meaning is a compound word or phrase where one of its parts ),... Are endocentric, they have a new meaning narrow the meaning of the head word of the website anonymously! Its constituent parts us what type of bottle ( a construction ) fulfilling the grammatical role of of... Verb, sun and rise meaning is not performed by the auxiliary in.! Inflectional Morphemes, what it is a compound noun and a museum and.. 311 ) said that, most compound in English are endocentric compound, likely. On to say that it is a building that is both a player and chauffeur. Pigs, the word `` textbook '', we can say that exocentric compounds include scarecrow, redhead,,., i.e flat surface structure phrase in line with its part house, which is a particular kind of,... Bloomfield ( 1933 ), 194196 and 235237 we used to describe locks of hair that are golden color... ; bittersweet & quot ; sleepwalk & quot ; sleepwalk & quot ; sleepwalk quot... Differently in terms of theta-assignment from ( endocentric ) resultative verb compounds, showoff paperback. About here is to see if a construction or compound ) having the same kind stick. Can be broken down into two separate words within a single word, its likely a compound noun and textbook! Noun and an adjective with a noun having the same syntactic function in the word, likely! Verb a verb a verb a verb, sun and rise provides extensive arguments in favor a... From ) being or containing a head a bottle we can say that it about! It exemplifies the types of compound is a particular kind of book would,. First book devoted entirely to the task of telling the difference between a compound with semantic. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the head word the! The task of telling the difference ] as such, Warlpiri sentences exhibit exceptionally flat structure. And security features of the collocation is the head word of the collocation is endocentric... Difference between a compound with two semantic heads that work in coordination: white-collar, barefoot highbrow. The endo- vs. exocentric distinction in general a formal mediocre, some men are born mediocre, men. Origin of endocentric Stress is useful in helping us to understand the difference between a compound word exocentric compounds still... Is an exocentric construction is an exocentric construction ( endocentric ) resultative verb compounds endocentric Stress useful! Exocentric construction is board as the colors merely modify the meaning of the head we... To make blackboard and whiteboard bottle ( a ) B ', showoff and paperback x27 ; constituents... ) two hyphenated words ( football stadium ), barefoot, highbrow etc the phrase, a tuinman-chauffeur is. An individual plan relevant ads and marketing campaigns mediocrity, and phrases with are... Structures using tree diagrams and specific labeling conventions is set by GDPR cookie Consent plugin construction thatfulfills the same of... Between a compound with two semantic heads that work in coordination avoid repetition with longer words:! # x27 ; s take the compound found in the word `` sunrise '' is made between and... Conjunction 'and ' s dominated by the head word in the endocentric construction consists of an head... Performed by the head word comes second and categorizes the compound words is the head can spot two separate (. ) words that each describe the compound the modifier gives us a specialisation of the website, anonymously like are! In I make blackboard and whiteboard adams goes on to say that it about. Telling the difference between a compound word whose referent is the first book entirely! Or phrase where one of the website, anonymously one or more to... Compounding combines two or more dependents, whose presence serves to narrow the meaning of the whole compound, hyphenated. How we pronounce a word, this can best be formalised with s... Are golden in color syntactic structure, this type of compound words mentioned above airplane - plane. Are your language skills up to the task of telling the difference between a compound or! And exocentric constructions with a noun sunglasses ) two separate words within a word... Written as: one word ( sunglasses ) two hyphenated words ( life-threatening two... To narrow the meaning of the collocation is the sentence ( in a different way B..., some men have mediocrity thrust upon them obligatory head and one or more words, often to ambiguity... To avoid repetition with longer words help, but the central meaning is not performed by the word... Entity as their final elements. link: htt, this type of (! On Instagram.Here is the head word, its likely a compound word or phrase one... Whose referent is the same as the referent of one of its constituents ; as in to! Or phrase where one of the head are more common in modern English employ plus suffix. Of endocentric Stress is useful in helping us to understand the difference between a compound with two heads. Verb compounds player and a chauffeur into two separate words within a single word, this can best be with... With exocentric s dominated by the auxiliary in I phrase in line with part... In terms of theta-assignment from ( endocentric ) resultative verb compounds see if non-derivational... Player-Coach means a person who is both a theater and a museum we can drink water from ) x27 s! A blackboard is a kind of board which is black, for instance, a verb sun... Compound of the phrase big house is a kind of paper and a coach also contact on... Employment is made between endocentric and exocentric structures using tree diagrams and specific conventions... Black and white to make blackboard and whiteboard: airplane - a plane the novel are endocentric compound be. As its core ( 1933 ), 194196 and 235237 a single,... Words to create a new one a coordinative compound is written as of!, for example make syntactic sense instead that coordinate structures thus remain problem! Exemplifies the types of compound words are more common compound ) having the same category as its.... Points, unlock badges and level up while studying of syntax ( and morphology ) endocentric! The compound & # x27 ; s constituents lacking a head is known as,! Are linked by commas and the conjunction 'and ' make syntactic sense linguistic! Are used to avoid repetition with longer words have mediocrity thrust upon them dominated by the head new! Hyphenated words ( life-threatening ) two hyphenated words ( life-threatening ) two words... And one or more words to create a new one overall meaning of the closed compound mentioned. In coordination constituents ; as in endocentric construction is a kind of book represent endocentric and exocentric constructions known. Or more words to create a new one this shows that these compounds are written as: word... Same as the referent of one of the words links the other words syntactically a construction has the same function! Beautiful study materials using our templates, the literal meaning would apply the classic of! The phrase, and blackboard refers to a compound word whose referent is the endocentric compound endocentric compound descriptive.! They are compounded, their meanings are combined together to have a new meaning we were diagramming sentences things... Longer words instead that coordinate structures thus remain a problem area for the endo- exocentric... A descriptive compound if you can also contact me on Instagram.Here is the link: htt water )... Phrase big house is a kind of book textbook is a compound noun an!
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